Herb and medicine interactions
What happens when an Ayurvedic herb meets a modern medicine.
100 pages
Evidence of interactionConflicting evidenceTheoretical riskNo interaction studies found
Amla
- Blood pressure medicines (Conflicting evidence)
- Aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin (Evidence of interaction)
- Iron tablets and supplements (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
Arjuna
- Blood pressure medicines such as telmisartan (Evidence of interaction)
- Aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin (Theoretical risk)
- Digoxin (Theoretical risk)
- Nitrates: isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate and nitroglycerin (Theoretical risk)
- Statins such as atorvastatin (Theoretical risk)
Ashwagandha
- Adderall and other amphetamine medicines for ADHD (No interaction studies found)
- Alcohol (beer, wine and spirits) (Theoretical risk)
- SSRI and SNRI antidepressants such as sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, duloxetine and venlafaxine (Evidence of interaction)
- Blood pressure medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Bupropion (Theoretical risk)
- Statins such as atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin (Theoretical risk)
- Levothyroxine and antithyroid drugs (Evidence of interaction)
- Metformin and insulin (Theoretical risk)
- Benzodiazepines and sleep medicines such as clonazepam, alprazolam and zolpidem (Theoretical risk)
- Immunosuppressants and steroids: tacrolimus, ciclosporin, mycophenolate, prednisolone (Evidence of interaction)
Berberine
- Levothyroxine (thyroid hormone tablets) (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Evidence of interaction)
- Statins (simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) (Conflicting evidence)
Brahmi
- Anticholinergics such as trihexyphenidyl and oxybutynin (Theoretical risk)
- SSRIs (escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline) and anti-anxiety medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Carbamazepine, phenytoin and other epilepsy medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Benzodiazepines and sleeping pills (alprazolam, diazepam, clonazepam, zolpidem) (Theoretical risk)
- Levothyroxine and antithyroid drugs (Theoretical risk)
Fenugreek
- Levothyroxine (thyroid hormone tablets) (Theoretical risk)
- Warfarin (Evidence of interaction)
- Metformin and insulin (Evidence of interaction)
Garlic
- Blood pressure medicines (telmisartan, amlodipine and others) (Evidence of interaction)
- Warfarin, aspirin and clopidogrel (Evidence of interaction)
- HIV protease inhibitors (darunavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, lopinavir) (Evidence of interaction)
- Isoniazid (INH), a TB medicine (Theoretical risk)
Giloy
- Blood pressure medicines (amlodipine, telmisartan, losartan and others) (No interaction studies found)
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Theoretical risk)
- Immunosuppressants (tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate, azathioprine) and steroids such as prednisolone (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin and insulin (Theoretical risk)
Ginger
- Metformin, sulfonylureas and insulin (Conflicting evidence)
- Warfarin and related blood thinners (Conflicting evidence)
Gokshura
- Blood pressure medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Lithium (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
- Testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone therapy (No interaction studies found)
Guggulu
- Oral contraceptive pills (Theoretical risk)
- Warfarin, aspirin and clopidogrel (Theoretical risk)
- Statins: atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin (Theoretical risk)
- Levothyroxine (Theoretical risk)
- Propranolol and diltiazem (Evidence of interaction)
Haritaki
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
- Oral medicines in general (Theoretical risk)
- Warfarin (No interaction studies found)
Karela
- Metformin, insulin and sulfonylureas (Evidence of interaction)
Moringa
- Levothyroxine (Theoretical risk)
Neem
- Blood pressure medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin and insulin (Evidence of interaction)
- Lithium (No interaction studies found)
- Tacrolimus, cyclosporine, azathioprine and mycophenolate (Theoretical risk)
Pippali
- Phenytoin (an epilepsy medicine) (Evidence of interaction)
- Propranolol (a beta blocker) (Evidence of interaction)
- Rifampicin (a tuberculosis medicine) (Evidence of interaction)
- Theophylline (an asthma medicine) (Evidence of interaction)
Pippali and black pepper
- Carbamazepine (Evidence of interaction)
- Cyclosporine (ciclosporin) (Theoretical risk)
Punarnava
- Blood pressure medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Diuretics (water tablets) (Theoretical risk)
- Lithium (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
Shatavari
- Diuretics (water tablets) (Theoretical risk)
- Lithium (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin and other diabetes medicines (Theoretical risk)
- Oral contraceptives and hormone therapy (Theoretical risk)
Shilajit
- Blood pressure medicines (No interaction studies found)
- Diuretics (water tablets) (Theoretical risk)
- Iron tablets and supplements (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
- Uric acid medicines such as allopurinol and febuxostat (No interaction studies found)
Triphala
- Blood pressure medicines such as amlodipine (Theoretical risk)
- Warfarin (Theoretical risk)
- Laxatives such as bisacodyl, senna, lactulose and isabgol (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Theoretical risk)
- Medicines taken by mouth (Theoretical risk)
Tulsi
- Warfarin (Theoretical risk)
- Fertility medicines and IVF (Theoretical risk)
- Metformin (Evidence of interaction)
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Theoretical risk)
- Sedatives and sleeping pills (Theoretical risk)
Turmeric
- Acidity medicines: PPIs and antacids (No interaction studies found)
- Blood pressure medicines (nifedipine, amlodipine, losartan) (Theoretical risk)
- Warfarin and other blood thinners (Evidence of interaction)
- Metformin and sulfonylureas (Conflicting evidence)
- Iron tablets and syrups (Conflicting evidence)
- NSAID painkillers (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen) (Theoretical risk)
- Tamoxifen and chemotherapy drugs (Evidence of interaction)
Yashtimadhu
- Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) (Evidence of interaction)
- Blood pressure medicines (Evidence of interaction)
- Warfarin and related blood thinners (Evidence of interaction)
- MAOIs (tranylcypromine, phenelzine, selegiline) (Theoretical risk)
- Corticosteroids (steroid tablets such as prednisolone) (Evidence of interaction)
- Diuretics (water pills) and digoxin (Evidence of interaction)
Formulations
Classical medicines: what is in them, where they come from, what the evidence says.
50 pages
- Amalaki RasayanaA rasayana of amla soaked in its own juice, with honey, ghee, pippali and sugar. One trial we reviewed measured DNA repair.
- ArjunarishtaA fermented arjuna bark liquid used for the heart. It contains alcohol from fermentation, and the only study of it we found was in rats.
- Arogyavardhini VatiA classical tablet that contains mercury by design, with copper, iron and mica ashes. In rats, mercury built up in the kidneys.
- AshokarishtaA fermented ashoka bark liquid used for period pain and white discharge. It contains alcohol and jaggery, and has almost no testing of its own.
- AshwagandharishtaA fermented ashwagandha tonic with alcohol and a lot of honey. One trial in depression compared it, with Brahmi vati, against escitalopram.
- Avipattikar ChurnaA classical acidity powder that is half sugar and one third trivrit, a purgative root. Its only study we found was in rats.
- Brahmi GhritaA medicated ghee of brahmi and ten herbs, used for memory and epilepsy. One small study in older adults; it contains danti, a scheduled poison.
- ChandanasavaA fermented sandalwood tonic used for urinary complaints. It contains alcohol, sugar and jaggery, and has almost no modern testing.
- Chandraprabha VatiA classical tablet used for urinary complaints. It is not purely herbal: it contains iron and copper pyrite ashes, camphor, sugar and danti.
- ChyawanprashAmla jam with 36 herbs, sugar and honey. The review we assessed covered COVID-19 prevention trials, with uncertain results. The sugar matters in diabetes.
- Dashamoola KwathA decoction powder of ten roots, used for chest pain, fever and cough. In a lab test it reduced platelet clumping, like aspirin.
- DashamoolarishtaA fermented dashamoola tonic with alcohol, lots of jaggery and a little musk. Studied in rats and mice; the kwath slowed platelets in a lab test.
- Gandhak RasayanaA sulphur-based mineral medicine whose official recipe awaits a print check. Its one trial tested it as a rectal suppository for pain after surgery.
- Gokshuradi GugguluA guggulu and gokshura tablet used for urinary complaints and gout. The one study we found was a rat toxicity test. Both herbs have interaction pages.
- Hingvashtak ChurnaEight spices in equal parts, including hing and rock salt, for gas and weak digestion. Clinical evidence has not been fully reviewed; one US-sold sample held mercury.
- Hridayarnava RasaA rasa medicine of mercury, sulphur and copper ash, listed for heart disease. We found no study in people, only a batch analysis and a mouse study.
- Jatamansi preparationsJatamansi root, officially prepared as a distilled water. The plant is critically endangered and often confused with look-alike roots.
- Kamini Vidrawan RasAustralia's regulator found dangerous poisons and prescription-only drugs in Kamini tablets, which are also labelled to contain mercury (cinnabar).
- KanakasavaAn asava for cough and breathlessness. Its first ingredient is dhattura (Datura), and it contains alcohol from fermentation and a lot of sugar.
- Kanchanar GugguluKanchanar bark, triphala, trikatu and guggulu resin. Listed for lumps and swollen glands; one trial used it in people on levothyroxine.
- KhadirarishtaAn arishta of khadira, devadaru, bakuchi and triphala, listed for skin disease. It contains alcohol from fermentation and is heavy in honey and sugar.
- KumaryasavaFermented aloe vera juice with jaggery, honey and many herbs, listed for digestion and weakness. It contains iron and copper pyrite bhasmas and some alcohol.
- KutajarishtaAn arishta of kutaja bark, listed for diarrhoea, fever and weak digestion. It contains alcohol from fermentation and jaggery. No trial in people found.
- Lavan Bhaskar ChurnaA digestive powder of four salts and spices. By weight it is about 41% salt, which matters for high blood pressure, heart and kidney disease.
- Laxmivilas RasA rasa tablet whose official recipe is one tenth mercury by weight, with sulphur, mica bhasma, camphor and Datura seed.
- LodhrasavaAn asava of lodhra and 29 other herbs, fermented with honey, listed for meha, skin disease and obesity. It contains alcohol; the study we found was in a lab.
- Mahamanjishthadi KwathA manjishtha-based decoction sold for skin problems. Its official recipe is not yet confirmed, and we found no clinical trial of it.
- Mahanarayan Taila (Mahanarayan Oil)A sesame oil cooked with milk and nearly 60 herbs, used for nerve and joint complaints. It contains camphor and musk. No trial found.
- Maharasnadi KwathA rasna decoction listed for paralysis, sciatica and joint disease. One uncontrolled knee osteoarthritis study used it with two other medicines.
- Mahayogaraj GugguluA guggulu tablet whose official recipe is nearly half mineral bhasmas, including lead and mercury. A US case linked lead poisoning to use with another medicine.
- Manasamitra VatakamA many-ingredient tablet with gold, silver and iron bhasmas, listed for mental disorders. One small trial compared it with clonazepam for anxiety.
- Medohar GugguluA guggulu tablet sold for weight management. Its official recipe is still being checked, and we found no clinical trial of it.
- Panchatikta GhritaGhee cooked with neem, patola, kantakari, giloy and vasa. Listed for skin disease; one trial tested it in osteopenia. Not the same as the guggulu version.
- Phala GhritaGhee cooked with milk, 18 herbs and sugar, listed for infertility and for disorders in pregnancy and childhood. Only one small, uncontrolled study found.
- Punarnavadi MandoorAn Ayurvedic iron medicine for pandu, read as anaemia. Two small Indian studies saw blood counts rise; neither used a placebo.
- Rasnadi GugguluA guggulu tablet whose official recipe we are still checking in print. We found no human study of it, only one 2026 lab study in cells.
- Saraswata ChurnaA vaca-based powder the formulary lists for epilepsy and mania. One study of ten people, with no comparison group, is all the human evidence we found.
- SaraswatarishtaA fermented brahmi tonic with gold leaf. It contains alcohol made during fermentation, plus sugar and honey. We found no study in people.
- Shatavari KalpaA shatavari granule product whose official recipe we are still checking in print. We found no study of Shatavari Kalpa itself.
- Simhanada GugguluA guggulu tablet with sulphur and castor oil, listed for amavata. Two small trials compared it with other Ayurvedic tablets, not a placebo.
- Sitopaladi ChurnaA classical cough powder, about half sugar by weight. It contains pippali; piperine, a pepper compound, raised phenytoin levels in a small study.
- Swarna BhasmaProcessed gold ash. The official methods use mercury and sulphur, or white arsenic. One case report links it to kidney damage.
- Talisadi ChurnaA classical cough and digestion powder, two-thirds sugar by weight, with pippali and black pepper. We have not found a study of it in people.
- Tribhuvan Kirti RasaA fever tablet that contains mercury (as cinnabar), aconite and Datura juice. We have not found a study of it in people.
- Triphala ChurnaThree fruits in one powder, best known as a laxative. Human trials are few and small; most research is in the lab or in animals.
- Triphala GugguluGuggulu with triphala and pippali, listed for swelling, piles and fistula. One uncontrolled study in bleeding piles; the rest is lab work.
- Tulsi cough syrupsTulsi cough syrups are branded mixes, not one recipe. One contains ephedra. Most contain mulethi, and some honey or a lot of sugar.
- Varunadi KwathA four-herb decoction with an alkali added, listed for urinary stones (ashmari). We have not found a study of it in people.
- VasavalehaA vasaka leaf jam for cough and breathlessness, mostly sugar and honey. One small trial compared it only with its own granules.
- Yogaraja GugguluA guggulu tablet for joints and amavata. A large Indian study saw knee pain fall, but it had no comparison group and used three medicines together.
Conditions
What Ayurveda offers, where the evidence is thin, and when to see an allopath.
10 pages
Acidity, acid reflux and gastritis: what Ayurveda offers
Curcumin eased indigestion more than placebo in one small trial. We found no trial of Ayurveda for reflux disease or gastritis itself.
Anxiety and sleep problems: what Ayurveda offers
Ashwagandha extracts improved sleep a little and lowered stress scores in short trials. They were not trials in diagnosed anxiety disorder.
Hair loss and hair fall: what Ayurveda offers
One industry-sponsored trial found an ashwagandha scalp serum added a few hairs over 75 days. We found no trial of Ayurvedic hair oils.
IBS (irritable bowel syndrome): what Ayurveda offers
The one placebo-controlled trial of an Ayurvedic herbal mix in IBS found no benefit. A whole-system programme beat a single powder in another.
Migraine: what Ayurveda offers
One small trial found a curcumin supplement eased migraine attacks over eight weeks. We found no trial of a classical Ayurvedic treatment.
Osteoarthritis and knee pain: what Ayurveda offers
One boswellia extract and two Indian formulations eased knee pain in trials. The evidence is uneven, and one trial found raised liver enzymes.
PCOS and PCOD: what Ayurveda offers
Curcumin improved blood sugar markers, and periods a little, in small trials. Most Ayurveda studies of PCOS are single case reports.
Psoriasis and eczema: what Ayurveda offers
The evidence is thin. Curcumin has some trial support in psoriasis, we found no eczema trial, and one Ayurvedic psoriasis medicine contains arsenic.
Type 2 diabetes (sugar): what Ayurveda offers
Some herbs, such as methi and karela, lowered HbA1c a little in trials. Taken with diabetes medicines, they can add to the risk of low sugar.
Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism): what Ayurveda offers
One small trial found ashwagandha improved mildly raised TSH. No trial we found tested Ayurveda in place of levothyroxine. Do not stop it.
Food
Classical food rules, checked against modern nutrition.
50 pages
- Banana and curd (kela aur dahi)The Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta list banana with curd among incompatible foods. No study we found has tested the pair in people.
- Burnt food (jala hua khana)Charaka lists burnt food as incompatible in cooking. He does not say what harm it does, and no study we found tests his rule.
- Cold water after gheeCharaka says taking cold things after drinking ghee is incompatible. The rule is about ghee, not every meal, and no study we found tests it.
- Cold water after meals (khane ke baad thanda pani)The Ashtanga Hridaya recommends cold water after some foods and lukewarm water after others. No study we found tests this in adults.
- Curd (dahi) at nightCharaka and the Ashtanga Hridaya both say not to eat curd at night. The one bedtime-yogurt trial we found measured blood sugar, not this rule.
- Curd and amlaCharaka names amla, a fruit, as one of the things curd should be eaten with. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Curd and chicken (dahi aur chicken)The Ashtanga Hridaya and Sushruta both list chicken with curd as an incompatible pair. No study we found has tested it.
- Curd and gheeIn Charaka, ghee is one of the things curd should be eaten with, not a pair to avoid. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Curd and honey (dahi aur shahad)Charaka names honey as one of the things curd should be eaten with. One adjacent trial tested honey in probiotic yogurt, not the classical rule.
- Curd and moong dalCharaka names green gram (moong) soup as one of the things curd should be eaten with. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Curd and sugar (dahi-chini)Charaka names sugar as one of the things curd should be eaten with. We found no study that tests this rule.
- Curd in summer (garmi mein dahi)The Ashtanga Hridaya says not to eat curd in spring, summer or autumn. No study we found has tested the seasonal rule.
- Eating without hunger (bina bhookh khana)Charaka counts eating when you are not hungry as a wrong order of eating. No study we found has tested his rule.
- Fruit after mealsSushruta puts fruit such as pomegranate at the start of a meal and praises amla at any point. No study we found tests this meal order.
- Heated honey (garam shahad)Charaka says hot honey leads to death. Two rat studies of heated honey give mixed results, and no study we found has tested it in people.
- Heating curd (dahi garam karna)Charaka says curd should not be eaten hot, and the Ashtanga Hridaya agrees. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Honey and ghee in equal partsCharaka and Sushruta say honey and ghee in equal amounts are incompatible. Two rat studies disagree, and neither tested people.
- Honey and hot water (shahad aur garam pani)Charaka lists hot water after honey as incompatible, and Sushruta agrees. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Honey and lotus seedsCharaka lists honey with pushkara (lotus) seed as incompatible. The verse does not name makhana, and no study we found tests the rule.
- Honey in hot weather (garmi mein shahad)Charaka warns against honey for someone suffering from heat; Sushruta, as Dalhana reads him, adds summer and autumn. No study we found tests it.
- Hot food or drink after porkCharaka says taking hot things after eating pork is incompatible. The verse means hot things in general, and no study we found tests it.
- Kakamachi and honeyCharaka says kakamachi with honey leads to death. Which plant he meant needs checking, and no study we found tests the rule.
- Meat and honeyCharaka says not to eat the meat of domestic, marsh or water animals together with honey. No study we found tests the rule.
- Meat and radish (mooli)Charaka lists radish among the foods not to eat together with the meat of domestic, marsh or water animals. No study we found tests it.
- Meat and sesame (til)Charaka lists sesame among the foods not to eat together with the meat of domestic, marsh or water animals. No study we found tests it.
- Meat and sproutsCharaka and Sushruta say not to eat meat with sprouted grains. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and amlaCharaka lists amla among the fruits not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and bananaSushruta lists banana with milk as an unwholesome combination. No study we found has tested the pair.
- Milk and ber (jujube)Charaka lists ber among the fruits not to take with milk. The one study we found was in rats and did not look at harm.
- Milk and coconutCharaka lists coconut among the fruits not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and curd togetherSushruta says not to eat curd with milk, and calls such pairs poison-like. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and fishCharaka says fish and milk clash and can spoil the blood. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and garlicCharaka says not to drink milk after eating garlic, for fear of skin disease. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and horse gram (kulthi)Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata all list horse gram among foods not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and jackfruitCharaka lists jackfruit among the fruits not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and jamunCharaka and Sushruta both list jamun among foods not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and mangoCharaka and Sushruta list mango among foods not to take with milk. They do not say ripe or raw. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and pomegranateCharaka lists pomegranate among the fruits not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and radish (mooli)Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata warn against milk with or after radish. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and saltSushruta lists salt among the things that become poison-like when eaten with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and sour fruitsCharaka's own example of a bad food combination is sour food with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and tulsiCharaka says not to drink milk after eating tulsi and similar herbs, for fear of skin disease. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and urad dalCharaka lists urad (black gram) among the pulses not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and walnutsCharaka lists akshoda, usually read as walnut, among foods not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk and wood apple (kaitha)Charaka lists kapittha, wood apple, among the fruits not to take with milk. No study we found has tested the rule.
- Milk with meatCharaka says not to eat meat and milk together. He sets no waiting time after meat, and no study we found has tested it.
- Reheated foodVagbhata says to give up food heated a second time. No study we found has tested the rule; one rice trial measured blood sugar instead.
- Stale makoy (kakamachi)Charaka lists makoy (kakamachi) kept overnight as an incompatible food. The rule is about this one plant, and no study we found has tested it.
- Undercooked riceCharaka counts undercooked rice, like overcooked or burnt food, as wrongly cooked. No study we found has tested his rule.
- Water with mealsVagbhata links water mid-meal to a moderate build, water first to a lean one and water last to a stout one. No study we found has tested this.
Evidence tracker
One trial at a time, in plain language.
10 pages
Can Ayurvedic medicines match celecoxib for knee pain?
In a six-month trial of 440 people, two Ayurvedic formulations matched glucosamine and celecoxib for knee pain. Some had raised liver enzymes.
Do Ayurvedic herbs help IBS with diarrhoea?
A small placebo-controlled trial of curry leaf, pomegranate and turmeric found no benefit over placebo for diarrhoea-predominant IBS.
Does ashwagandha change thyroid blood tests?
In one small trial of people with a mildly raised TSH, eight weeks of ashwagandha root extract moved thyroid tests towards normal.
Does ashwagandha hair serum help hair loss?
One 75-day trial found a small gain in hair density with an ashwagandha scalp serum. The extract's maker sponsored the trial.
Does ashwagandha improve sleep?
A 2021 review of five trials found a small improvement in sleep with ashwagandha extract. The effect looked larger in people with insomnia.
Does ashwagandha reduce stress?
One small placebo-controlled trial found ashwagandha root extract lowered stress scores and cortisol over 60 days. Promising, not settled.
Does boswellia (shallaki) help osteoarthritis pain?
A Cochrane review found one enriched boswellia extract eased osteoarthritis pain over 90 days. A review of Ayurvedic trials was less sure.
Does curcumin help indigestion (functional dyspepsia)?
In a 132-person trial, curcumin eased indigestion more than placebo over four weeks. That does not make it equal to omeprazole.
Does karela (bitter melon) help type 2 diabetes?
A 2022 review found karela lowered HbA1c slightly, by 0.3 points, in poorly reported trials. An older Cochrane review found no clear benefit.
Does whole-system Ayurveda help knee pain?
In a trial of 151 people in Germany, 12 weeks of Ayurvedic care eased knee osteoarthritis more than conventional care. Patients knew which they had.
Safety and recall alerts
Regulator warnings about named Ayurvedic products, searchable by brand.
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Warnings from regulators in India, the US, Canada, Australia, the UK and elsewhere about named products: lead, mercury, undeclared drugs, border holds and licence actions. No listing is not a clearance.